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Central Processors/Controllers Used in SHSBog'liq Smart Home System A Comprehensive Review5. Central Processors/Controllers Used in SHS
A processor or controller can be described as a miniature
computer on a single metal oxide semiconductor-integrated
circuit chip that is designed to carry out a specifc operation.
A microcontroller usually consists of one or more central
processing units (CPUs), storage or memory units, and
input/output peripherals. In SHS development, micro-
controllers are used for a wide range of operations, such as
controlling sensors, computing data, executing commands,
and storing information. All the microcontrollers used in the
development of SHSs are evaluated, and an overall summary
is presented in this section.
5.1. Arduino.
Arduino refers to a family of open-source
microcontrollers that are famous for their low price, fexi-
bility, and easy-to-use interface. Basically, two Arduino
boards are used in SHS-Arduino Uno, which is based on an
ATmega328P microchip, and Arduino Mega, which uses an
ATmega2560 microchip. Arduino microcontrollers are well
equipped to control multiple sensors and devices as dem-
onstrated in [52, 65]. Due to their low power consumption,
Arduino boards are very popular among SHS developers
[24]. Arduino Mega has more input ports than Arduino Uno
and is capable of handling more input data because of its
better microchip [84]. Energy management systems for SHSs
can also be designed and implanted based on Arduino
microcontrollers [35]. All in all, Arduino boards have be-
come a cornerstone in the development of SHSs.
5.2. Raspberry Pi.
In simple terms, Raspberry Pi is a small
computer that can receive, store, and compute data and can
control and monitor electronic components such as sensors
and cameras. It is famous for its low cost, modularity, and
open design. Raspberry Pi can be used for face detection and
image processing [66, 67]. It is fully capable of accessing the
Internet and controlling home equipment through IoT
[69, 85] and functions as a virtual assistant [62]. An AI-based
voice recognition system for remote home appliance control
for elderly people has been implanted in [79], which uses
Raspberry Pi as its computing device. Raspberry Pi can also
receive commands from the user via GSM or the Internet
and use them to control home appliances [53]. A low-
costvoice-activated SHS, which can be incorporated with
many essential subsystems and can be personalized to in-
dividual needs, is designed in [86]. Te system uses a dual-
mode of interaction where the user has the option to control
the appliance from a graphical user interface (GUI)-based
app or a chat system, where text or audio commands are
used to control the system. Due to its small form factor and
high computational power, Raspberry Pi has gained a lot of
popularity in the feld of SHSs.
5.3. ESP32/ESP8266.
ESP32 and ESP8266 are both members
of the ESP family, which is a series of cheap and energy-
efcient microcontrollers with integrated Wi-Fi and Blue-
tooth. Cost-efective, convenient, and comfortable smart
home automation system development is facilitated with the
help of ESP microcontrollers [88]. ESP32 is latest in the
series and is more powerful than the previous version of
ESP8266. ESP microcontrollers have gained popularity
mainly because of the integrated Wi-Fi feature, which helps
make an IoT system [89]. Despite being an old version,
ESP8266 is still used due to its high efciency and multiple
electronic component handling capabilities [26, 136]. A
cost-efective smart home automation system (SHAS) with
ESP8266 in [90] showed that it is easier for the user to
connect a new device to the system without worrying about
confguration. In [91], the ESP8266 board is used alongside
an ATmega16 microcontroller to design and develop an IoT-
based SHAS where the system can wirelessly control mul-
tiple loads and monitor vital environmental data such as
temperature and humidity. An ESP32-based smart home
monitoring and controlling system that utilizes external
LoRa connectivity is proposed in [70], which demonstrates
the versatility of the microcontroller.
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