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switchport port-security violation shutdown
| | bet | 8/14 | | Sana | 11.12.2023 | | Hajmi | 1,66 Mb. | | #115384 |
Bog'liq 1 – laboratoriya ishi tarmoq qurilmalarida dastlabki xavfsizlik switchport port-security violation shutdown- buzilish aniqlanganda interfeysni error-disabled holatiga o'tkazadi va o'chiradi. Undan tashqari syslog, SNMP trap, violetion counter ka'bi jurnallashtiruvchilarga xabar jo'natiladi. Ushbu holatdan chiqarish uchun shutdown va no shutdown buyruqlaridan foydalaniladi.
Agar interfeysga switchport port-security violation protect buyrug'i kiritilgan bo'lsa, unda notanish MAC-manzil paketlari qabul qilinmaydi va xech qanday xabar yaratilmaydi, hamda port shutdown holatiga o'tmaydi.
Ushbu usullardan switchport port-security violation restrict ko'pchilik hollarda tavsiya etiladi.
MAC-manzillar jadvalini tozalash
Boshqa qurilmalar ulanishi uchun MAC-manzillar jadvalini tozalash:
switch# clear port-security [all|configured|dynamic|sticky] [address
|interface ]
switch #clear port-security all
switch #clear port-security configured
switch #clear port-security dynamic
switch #clear port-security sticky
Port-security sozlanishlari haqidagi ma’lumotlarni ko'rish
switch# show port-security
switch# show port-security interface fa0/3
switch# show port-security address
Topshiriq
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2.4-rasmda keltirilgan tarmoq topologiyasini Cisco Packet Tracer dasturida tuzish talab qilinadi;
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Har bir kompyuter uchun IP manzilni sozlang va MAC manzillarni 2.2- rasmda ko'rsatilgandek aniqlang;
- Kommutatoming har bir portlariga xavfsizlik ko'rsatkichlarini sozlang;
- 2.1-jadvalga yuqorida keltirilgan topshiriqlarni kiriting.
2.4-rasm. Tarmoq topologiyasi.
2.1-jadval
Qurilma
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IP-manzil
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МАС-manzil
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Interfeys
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Port rejimlari
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Laptop0
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192.168.1.1
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00E0.F902.D683
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Fa0
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n/a
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Laptop 1
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192.168.1.2
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000B.BE9B.EE4A
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Fa0
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n/a
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Laptop2
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192.168.1.3
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00D0.5819.04E3
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Fa0
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n/a
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Laptop3
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192.168.1.4
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0004.9AB9.DAC2
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Fa0
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n/a
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Laptop4
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192.168.1.5
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00D0.BAC2.8C58
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Fa0
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n/a
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Laptop5
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192.168.1.6
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0000.0C6E.01E0
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Fa0
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n/a
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SW1
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N/A
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N/A
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Fa0/1
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sticky
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SW1
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N/A
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N/A
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Fa0/2
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mac-address
00D0.5819.04E3
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SW1
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N/A
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N/A
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Fa0/3
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violation protect
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SW1
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N/A
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N/A
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Fa0/5-24
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Shutdown
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SW2
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N/A
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N/A
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Fa0/1
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restrict
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SW2
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N/A
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N/A
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Fa0/2
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restrict
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SW2
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N/A
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N/A
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Fa0/3
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Protect
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SW2
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N/A
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N/A
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Fa0/4
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maximum 4
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Ishni bajarish tartibi
Switch>enable Switch#configure terminal
Switch(config)#hostname Sw1
Sw1(config)#interface fa0/1
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Portni access rejimiga o'zgartirish
Sw1(config-if)#switchport mode access
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Portda port-securityni ishga tushurish
Sw1 (config-if)#switchport port-security
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Secure-MAC ni dinamik aniqlashni ko'rsatish
Sw1 (config-if)#switchport port-security mac-address sticky Sw1 (config-if)#exit
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Secure-MAC ni statik aniqlashni ko'rsatish
Sw1(config)#interface fastEthernet 0/2 Sw1(config-if)#switchport mode access Sw1(config-if)#switchport port-security
Sw1(config-if)#switchport port-security mac-address 000B.BE9B.EE4A Sw1(config-if)#end
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Xavfsizlik buzilishigi javob berish rejimini sozlash
Sw1(config)#interface fastEthernet 0/3 Sw1(config-if)#switchport mode access Sw1(config-if)#switchport port-security Sw1(config-if)#switchport port-security mac-address sticky Sw1(config-if)#switchport port-security violation protect Sw1(config-if)#end
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Ishlatilmayotgan portlarni o'chirish
Sw1(config)#interface range fastEthernet 0/5-24 Sw1(config-if-range)#shutdown
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Portda secure-MAC maksimal soni N ni ko'rsatish (Bu buyruq Sw2 kommutatorga tavsiya etiladi)
Switch>enable Switch#configure terminal Switch(config)#hostname Sw2 Sw2(config)#interface fa0/4 Sw2(config-if)#switchport mode trunk Sw2(config-if)#switchport port-security maximum 4 Sw1(config-if)#switchport port-security violation restrict
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Natijani tekshirish
Switch#show port-security interface fa 0/1
Port Security : Enabled
Port Status : Secure-up
Violation Mode : Shutdown
Aging Time : 0 mins
Aging Type : Absolute
SecureStatic Address Aging : Disabled
Maximum MAC Addresses : 1
Total MAC Addresses : 0
Configured MAC Addresses : 0
Sticky MAC Addresses : 0
Last Source Address:Vlan : 0001.63B4.E4A6:1
Security Violation Count : 0
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Sozlamalarni saqlash
Switch#copy running-config startup-config
Topshiriq
Har bir talaba yuqorida keltirilgan ma’lumotlar bo'yicha Cisco Packet tracer muhitida laboratoriya ishini bajaradi.
Nazorat savollari
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MAC-manzil bu nima va qurilmalarda qanday aniqlanadi?
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Kommutatorda port xavfsizligi funksiyasini nima uchun ishlatiladi?
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Secure-MAC maksimal sonini N qaysi holatlarda ishlatiladi?
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Port security asosiy atributalari keltiring.
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Kommutatorning xavfsizligini ta'minlashning yana qanday chorlarini bilasiz ?
3-LABORATORIYA ISHI
TARMOQ QURILMALARI XAVFSIZLIGINI TAHLIL QILISH
Ishdan maqsad: Cisco kommutatorlarida va marshrutizatorlarida parolni olib tashlash (сброс) bo`yicha amaliy ko`nikmalar olish
QISQACHA NAZARIY MA`LUMOTLAR
Qurilma sozlamalariga kirish uchun kerak bo`ladigan parolning yo`qotilishi yoki unutilish holatlari tez-tez uchrab turadi. Ushbu laboratoriya ishida Cisco kommutatorlari va marshrutizatorlarida parollarni olib tashlash (Сброс) jarayoni ko`rib chiqiladi.
Quyida keltiriladigan usullar qurilmaga to`g`ridan-to`g`ri konsol kabel orqali ulanishni ko`zda tutadi. Shuning uchun ham qurilma joylashgan xonaga faqat kirish huquqiga ega foydalanuvchilar kirishi, xavfsizlik nuqtai nazaridan e`tiborga olinishi kerak. Ushbu metodikalarning mohiyati quyidagicha: paroli unutilgan yoki yo`qolgan konfiguratsion faylsiz qurilmaning sozlamalariga imtiyozli rejimda (Privileged EXEC) kirish va konfiguratsion faylni almashtirish orqali barcha parollarni o`zgartirish.
Cisco marshrutizatorlarida parolni tashlab yuborish
Cisco marshrutizatorlarida parolni tashlab yuborish uchun qurilmaga fizik kira olish kerak, ya`ni konsol kabel orqali ulanish imkoniyati bo`lishi kerak. Marshrutizatorda konfiguratsion registr mavjud bo`lib, ushbu registr marshrutizatorning ishga tushishini boshqaradi va uning qiymatlari energiya talab qiluvchi xotirada saqlanadi.
Configuration register – bu marshrutizatorning ishga tushishi ketma-ketligiga javob beruvchi NVRAM da joylashgan 16 bitli registr. Ya`ni marshrutizatorga operatsion tizimni va sozlanish fayllarini qaysi tartibda va qayerdan olishini ko`rsatib beradi. Uning odatiy qiymati – 2102. Qiymatning uchinchi raqami sozlanish fayliga, to`rtinchi raqami esa operatsion tizimga javob beradi. Parollar unitilishi yoki yo`qolishi holatlarida uchinchi raqamni “4” raqamga o`zgartirish kerak bo`ladi.
Ko`pchilik marshrutizatorlarda konfiguratsion registrning qiymati – 0x2102 bo`ladi.
Agar Cisco marshrutizatoriga kirish huquqi bor bo`lsa, unda konfiguratsion registrning qiymatini quyidagicha tekshirsa bo`ladi:
R1#show version
Cisco IOS Software, 2800 Software (C2800NM-ADVIPSERVICESK9-M), Version 12.4(15)T1, RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc2)
M860 processor: part number 0, mask 49
2 FastEthernet/IEEE 802.3 interface(s)
239K bytes of NVRAM.
62720K bytes of processor board System flash (Read/Write)
Configuration register is 0x2102
Oxirgi qator konfiguratsion registr qiymatini o`z ichiga olgan bo`ladi. Endi unutilgan parolni o`zgartirish jarayoni bosqichma-bosqich ko`rib chiqiladi.
Birinchi navbatda marshrutizatorga konsol kabel (3.1-rasm.) orqali ulanish lozim (Rollover deb ham nomlanadi).
3.1-rasm. Konsol kabelining ko`rinishi.
Konsol orqali ulaniladi va keyingi jarayonlarning barchasi konsol port orqali amalga oshiriladi (3.2-rasm).
3.2-rasm. Kompyuterning kommutator qurilmasiga Console kabeli yordamida ulanishi
Xizmat ko`rsatish maqsadlarida ishlatiladigan – ROMMON rejimida marshrutizator elektr energiyasi manbasidan o`chiriladi va qayta ishga tushiriladi (3.3-rasm).
3.3-rasm. Cisco Packet tracer muhitida Router qurilmasining elektr ta’minotini o`chirib/yoqish tugmasi
Marshrutizatorni ROMMON rejimida qayta ishga tushurish uchun odatiy boshlang`ich IOS ishga tushish jarayoni to`xtatiladi, buni amalga oshirish terminalga bog`liq. Masalan, hyperterminalda – “Ctrl-Break”, teratermda – “Alt-B”, Cisco Packet Tracer emulyatorida – “Ctrl-Break” va h.k.
Qurilmaga ulanib, u qayta ishga tushiriladi va IOS ishga tushirilishida Ctrl+Break tugmalari qo`shilib bosiladi:
System Bootstrap, Version 12.1(3r)T2, RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc1)
Copyright (c) 2000 by cisco Systems, Inc.
Initializing memory for ECC
.c2811 processor with 524288 Kbytes of main memory
Main memory is configured to 64 bit mode with ECC enabled
Readonly ROMMON initialized
Self decompressing the image :
##############
monitor: command "boot" aborted due to user interrupt
rommon 1 >
Shu tarzda, ROMMON (ROM monitor) rejimiga kiriladi. Bu yerda konfiguratsiya registri confreg 0x2142 buyrug`i bilan o`zgartiriladi, natiyjada marshrutizator Flash xotiraga yozilgan konfiguratsion faylni ishga tushirilishida ishlatmaydi. Bundan keyin reset buyrug`ini kiritish orqali marshrutizator qayta ishga tushiriladi.
rommon 1 > confreg 0x2142
rommon 2 > reset
Endi marshrutizator konfiguratsion faylsiz ishga tushadi va eski konfiguratsion faylni tiklash maqsadida quyidagi imtiyozli rejimda copy startup-config running-config buyrug`i orqali amalga oshiriladi.
Router>enable
Router#copy startup-config running-config
Destination filename [running-config]?
700 bytes copied in 0.416 secs (1682 bytes/sec)
Router1#
%SYS-5-CONFIG_I: Configured from console by console
Bundan keyin paroli unutilgan eski konfiguratsiya qo`yiladi, lekin bu yerda imtiyozli rejimda turganligi uchun eski parolni yangisiga o`zgartirsa bo`ladi.
Router1#conf t
Router1(config)#enable password NewPassword
Router1(config)#enable secret NewPassword
Router1(config)#line vty 0 4
Router1(config-line)#password NewPassword
Router1(config-line)#login
Router1(config-line)#exit
Router1(config)#line console 0
Router1(config-line)#password NewPassword
Router1(config-line)#login
Parollar o`zgartirildi, endi konfiguratsion registrning eski qiymatini qayta joyiga qo`yish kerak, buning uchun config-register 0x2102 buyrug`i kiritiladi
Router1(config)# config-register 0x2102
Bundan keyin yangi konfiguratsiya saqlanadi va marshrutizator qayta ishga tushiriladi
Router1#copy running-config startup-config
Router1#reload
Marshrutizator qayta ishga tushirilgach, yangi parollar bilan saqlangan konfiguratsion faylni o`ziga oladi. Yana, no service password-recovery buyrug`ini ishlatish orqali parol tashlab yuborilishi imkoniyatini o`chirib qo`ysa bo`ladi, buning uchun yuqorida ta`kidlanganidek qurilmaga fizik kirish imkoniyati kerak.
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