152 sYMBOLizaTiOn
a series of arbitrary sizes (graduated symbols) that are not proportional. If the pur-
pose is merely to show quantities, not relate specific values to one another, this can
be a simple method. This also works for data that are ranked or ordered, but have
no values attached, such as small, medium, large or village, town, city, metropolis
(Figure 8.8). It is important that these circles be shown clearly in the legend.
Other proportional figures such as squares, triangles, and even human figures
can be used, but not as much research has been undertaken on these as on circles. The
principle is the same as for graduated circles—that is, the area of the figure is propor-
tional to the quantity represented. The size of squares may be easier to estimate for
readers, and it may be easier to compare areas of squares than areas of circles (Figure
8.9). There are, however, some design problems that arise for these symbols. It is
more difficult to orient squares than circles on the map if the projection used has radi-